{"id":819,"date":"2021-03-23T16:02:42","date_gmt":"2021-03-23T16:02:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/eos.co.id\/main\/?p=819"},"modified":"2021-03-23T16:02:49","modified_gmt":"2021-03-23T16:02:49","slug":"one-indonesian-industry-has-boomed-during-the-pandemic-seaweed-farming","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eos.co.id\/main\/uncategorized\/one-indonesian-industry-has-boomed-during-the-pandemic-seaweed-farming\/","title":{"rendered":"One Indonesian industry has boomed during the pandemic: seaweed farming"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/one-indonesian-industry-has-boomed-during-the-pandemic-seaweed-farming-156211?utm_source=AIC+Newsletters&amp;utm_campaign=eee3d281d8-media-update-19-march-2021_COPY_01&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_term=0_0f87a17c64-eee3d281d8-449704365&amp;ct=t(media-update-19-march-2021_COPY_01)&amp;mc_cid=eee3d281d8&amp;mc_eid=0e5e1e9ed4\">Source >>><\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/latin.or.id\/asia-studies-visiting-fellowship-program\/\"><\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/latin.or.id\/articles\/\">Show all<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/latin.or.id\/one-indonesian-industry-has-boomed-during-the-pandemic-seaweed-farming\/#\">0<\/a>Categories&nbsp;Tags&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/one-indonesian-industry-has-boomed-during-the-pandemic-seaweed-farming-156211?utm_source=AIC+Newsletters&amp;utm_campaign=eee3d281d8-media-update-19-march-2021_COPY_01&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_term=0_0f87a17c64-eee3d281d8-449704365&amp;ct=t(media-update-19-march-2021_COPY_01)&amp;mc_cid=eee3d281d8&amp;mc_eid=0e5e1e9ed4\">Source &gt;&gt;&gt;<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Maret 15, 2021 4.04pm WIB<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>Penulis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>Alexandra Langford Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Australia-Indonesia Centre<\/li><li>Hasnawati SalehResearch Coordinator, PAIR (Partnership for Australia-Indonesia Research) Program, Australia-Indonesia Centre<\/li><li>Scott WaldronSenior Fellow in International Agricultural Development, The University of Queensland<\/li><li>SulfahriDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University, Australia-Indonesia Centre<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3>Pengungkapan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>This research was funded by the Australian Government through the Australia-Indonesia Centre under the PAIR Program<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>Mitra<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/the-university-of-queensland-805\"><img src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/institutions\/805\/logos\/logo-1553139563.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=170&amp;h=170\" alt=\"University of Queensland\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/the-university-of-queensland-805\">University of Queensland<\/a>&nbsp;memberikan dana sebagai anggota The Conversation AU.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/id\/partners\">Lihat semua mitra<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>Alih bahasa<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/ketika-industri-perikanan-terpuruk-selama-pandemi-riset-ungkap-budi-daya-rumput-laut-indonesia-justru-berkembang-pesat-157046\">Bahasa Indonesia<\/a><\/li><li>English<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5>The Conversation mendukung arus bebas informasi<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h6>Artikel kami dapat ditayangkan ulang secara gratis dengan lisensi Creative Commons<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Republikasi artikel ini<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When COVID-19 hit Indonesia, it&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569120303926\">devastated industries such as fisheries<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, one sector has gone against the trend: seaweed farming.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Our research&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpol.2021.104431\">shows<\/a>&nbsp;seaweed farming in Indonesia is booming during the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There is a range of possible reasons for this change, including environmental conditions, farming practices and the impacts of COVID-19.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5>Get high quality analyses on Indonesia and Southeast Asia from the experts<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Get newsletter<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The resilience of seaweed farming is important given the nation\u2019s status as the&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.fao.org\/fishery\/statistics\/software\/fishstatj\/en\">world\u2019s largest producer<\/a>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10811-017-1144-0\">hydrocolloid seaweeds<\/a>. Indonesia produces two-thirds of the global supply.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These seaweeds are generally not eaten but are sold to factories for processing into a powder used for thickening foods such as&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.benandjerry.com.au\/flavours\/chocolate-chip-cookie-dough-ice-cream\/pints\">ice-cream<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/387422\/original\/file-20210303-17-14nl6fs.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption>Photo: Nas Moto\/Unsplash.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2>Research<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>For a case study of the mainland coastline of Pangkep in South Sulawesi, we used newly available high-resolution, high-frequency satellite imagery from US-based Earth-imaging firm&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.planet.com\/\">PlanetLabs<\/a>&nbsp;to map seaweed farming over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/386937\/original\/file-20210301-18-8gqin0.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption>Converting satellite imagery to maps of seaweed farms.&nbsp;Our research<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Although Pangkep is just one regency contributing to Indonesia\u2019s seaweed industry, our methodology provides insights into the impact of COVID-19. This approach could be expanded to explore a larger area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpol.2021.104431\">We mapped seaweed production<\/a>&nbsp;along the Pangkep mainland from April 2017 to December 2020. The map reveals how seaweed production changes through the seasons \u2013 almost all seaweed is grown in the first half of the year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/386939\/original\/file-20210301-22-hlmz07.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption>The area of seaweed planted along the mainland coastline of Pangkep in each month of 2018.&nbsp;Our research<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Next, we compared seaweed production in 2020 to previous years to see if there was a significant difference. We found seaweed production between May and September in 2020 was much higher than in previous years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/386942\/original\/file-20210301-23-163snnd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption>Area under seaweed production from May to August 2020 was significantly higher than in previous years.&nbsp;Our research<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Environmental conditions, local farming practices and the economic impacts of COVID-19, such as trade disruptions and job losses, may have contributed to this trend.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Environmental conditions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/gp\/book\/9783319634975\">A range of factors affect seaweed growth rate<\/a>. These include water temperature, sunlight, salinity, nutrients, acidity levels, seed size and genetic material, sedimentation, water oxygen levels and disease infection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, ocean salinity \u2013 the concentration of salt in seawater \u2013 has a particularly strong effect on seaweed growth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1755-1315\/246\/1\/012043\/meta\">salinity of the Java Sea varies throughout the year<\/a>&nbsp;as monsoonal rains increase river flows into the ocean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As a result, different rainfall patterns each year can increase or decrease seaweed growth rates. Farmers respond to this by changing their production.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/388677\/original\/file-20210310-19-1hf19vf.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption>Area under seaweed production as viewed on satellite data mapped against rainfall. Production is highly seasonal and linked to rainfall patterns.&nbsp;Indonesia\u2019s Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Farming practices<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The method of farming can also affect the amount of seaweed produced. A particularly important factor is the way that crops are propagated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Indonesian seaweeds are&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-63498-2_5\">clonally propagated<\/a>&nbsp;from cuttings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Some farmers&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X19300545\">do this themselves<\/a>, while others&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10811-019-02004-3\">buy cuttings<\/a>&nbsp;from other farmers or distributors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Accessing&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1755-1315\/382\/1\/012015\">high-quality<\/a>&nbsp;seeds is a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs10811-012-9842-0\">challenge<\/a>&nbsp;for the industry. Some farmers spend&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569115001817\">more than half<\/a>&nbsp;of their seaweed farming income on seeds for the next harvest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Government farmer assistance programs can, therefore, have a strong effect on the viability of seaweed production.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/388725\/original\/file-20210310-17-1609ap1.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption>Photo: Wolfgang Hasselmann\/Unsplash<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. The impacts of COVID-19<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While the above factors could be responsible for increased seaweed production, it\u2019s likely the economic effects of COVID-19 are at least partially responsible for the change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During the pandemic in 2020,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/jasuda.net\/\">seaweed prices fell<\/a>&nbsp;by 27%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/386945\/original\/file-20210301-13-1a3s1on.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption>Purchase price for dried cottoni (<em>Kappaphycus alvarezii<\/em>) across Indonesia fell by an average of 27% from January to December 2020.&nbsp;JaSuDa<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>This suggests farmers are producing more seaweed but selling it at a lower price than before the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Why would this be the case?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is likely that although COVID-19 impacted a range of industries in Indonesia, the impact on seaweed farming has been less severe. This is because dried seaweed can be stored relatively easily, so it is more resilient to supply-chain disruptions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This means that even though seaweed prices are lower than before, the industry may still have become more desirable relative to other, more severely affected sectors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, in some parts of Bali, there have been&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mongabay.co.id\/2020\/09\/28\/pariwisata-mati-rumput-laut-hidup-lagi-bagian-1\/\">huge increases in seaweed production<\/a>&nbsp;as a result of job losses during the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/387427\/original\/file-20210303-19-zxc4w9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption>Photo: Jarrad Horne\/Unsplash.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>While satellite data alone cannot give a complete picture of the complex livelihood effects of the pandemic on seaweed farming, it does alert us to broad patterns and trends.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The extended use of remote sensing across wider areas, along with on-the-ground research to the extent possible, may help monitor the fluid situation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The authors\u2019 interdisciplinary research project in the Partnership for Australia-Indonesia Research focuses on improving the Indonesian seaweed industry\u2019s outcomes with a particular focus on South Sulawesi. To learn more about this and the work of Indonesian and Australian research teams on youth and the new rail line, you can read more details&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pair.australiaindonesiacentre.org\/\">here<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Source >>> Show all0Categories&nbsp;Tags&nbsp; Source &gt;&gt;&gt; Maret 15, 2021 4.04pm WIB Penulis Alexandra Langford Postdoctoral &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/eos.co.id\/main\/uncategorized\/one-indonesian-industry-has-boomed-during-the-pandemic-seaweed-farming\/\" class=\"more-link\"><span class=\"more-button\">Continue Reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">One Indonesian industry has boomed during the pandemic: seaweed farming<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eos.co.id\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/819"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eos.co.id\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eos.co.id\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eos.co.id\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eos.co.id\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=819"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/eos.co.id\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/819\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":820,"href":"https:\/\/eos.co.id\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/819\/revisions\/820"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eos.co.id\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=819"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eos.co.id\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=819"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eos.co.id\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=819"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}